Ecosystem Stations

Ecosystem stations provide primarily data on turbulent fluxes of greenhouse gases and energy. In addition, a wide range of meteorological parameters in the air and the soil are measured. Furthermore, data on other ecosystem parameters are collected periodically. ICOS Sweden operates six Ecosystem stations:
Hyltemossa, Mycklemossen, Norunda, Degerö, Svartberget, and Abisko-Stordalen. 

The agricultural site Lanna was part of ICOS Sweden until the end of 2020. Data from the period 2014 to 2020 is available on the ICOS Carbon Portal.

Station characteristics

Station characteristics of the ICOS Sweden Ecosystem stations.
Ecosystem stationsHyltemossa (SE-Htm)Norunda (SE-Nor)Svartberget (SE-Svb)Mycklemossen (SE-Myc)Degerö (SE-Deg)Abisko-Stordalen palsa bog (SE-Sto)
ecosystem typeforestforestforestmiremirepalsa mire
coordinates56°06'N, 13°25'E60°05'N, 17°29'E64°10'N, 19°47'E58°37′N, 12°17′E64°11′N, 19°33′E68°21′N, 19°03′E
height a.s.l.115 m46 m270 m81 m270 m360 m
climate zone (Köppen classification)marine west-coast (Cfb)humid continental (Dfb)sub-arctic (Dfc)marine west-coast (Cfb)sub-arctic (Dfc)sub-arctic (Dfc)
biometemperatehemiborealborealhemiborealborealtundra
dominating speciesPicea abiesclear cut in 2022Pinus sylvestris,Picea abies bog mosses: Sphagnum balticum,Sphagnum majus,Sphagnum LindbergiiSphagnum
mean tree height19 m 19 m---
stand age35 yrsclear-cut in 2022100 yrs---
understorey and ground vegetationmosses-  cottongrass, dwarf-hrubs: cranberry, bog-rosemary, deergrasscrowberry, lingonberry, cloudberry, sedges, cottongrass

Continuous measurements

List of continuous measurements at the ICOS Sweden Ecosystem stations. The measurements listed here are those according to the ICOS Ecosystem station protocols; please, check the individual station pages for information on additional measurements. (*) measurement height after clear-cut still under dicussion
Ecosystem stationsHyltemossa (SE-Htm)Norunda (SE-Nor)Svartberget (SE-Svb)Mycklemossen (SE-Myc)Degerö (SE-Deg)Abisko-Stordalen palsa bog (SE-Sto)
ecosystem typeforestforestforestmiremirepalsa mire
Continuous measurements
turbulent fluxesCO2, H2O27 m12 m34.5 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
CH4---2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
momentum27 m12 m34.5 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
sensible heat27 m12 m34.5 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
latent heat27 m12 m34.5 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
radiative fluxesnet radiation components50 m55 m50 m3 m4 m2.7 m
in- and outgoing PAR50 m55 m50 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
below canopy PAR5 x 4-5 x 3---
soil fluxessoil heat flux4 x -0.05 m4 x -0.05 m4 x -0.05 m4 x -0.05 m5 x -0.05 m4 x -0.05 m
state variablesair temperature profile14 levels14 levels14 levels5 levels5 levels5 levels
CO2, H2O profile14 levels14 levels14 levels5 levels5 levels5 levels
CH4 profile---5 levels-5 levels
relative humidity24 m, 27 m37* m, 29* m32.5 m2.2 m2.0 m, 2.2 m2.5 m
wind speed/direction30 m12 m34.5 m2.2 m3.0 m2.2 m
air pressure3.5 m1.5 m2 m1 m1.2 m1.6 m
soil temperature profile4 x 54 x 54 x 54 x 75 x 64 x 5
soil moisture profile4 x 52 x 54 x 5452 x 6
ground water level422454
snow depth121121
precipitation222232
tree trunk temperature (Swedish Network data)4 x 4 x 3-4 x 4 x 3---
canopy IR temperature (Swedish Network data)50 m55 m50 m3 m4 m2.7 m
mire surface height---2 m2 m-

Periodic measurements

List of periodical measurements at the ICOS Sweden Ecosystem stations. The measurements listed here are those according to the ICOS Ecosystem station protocols; please, check the individual station pages for information on additional measurements. Processed data is available in the ICOSETC_SE-Xyz_ANCILLARY* datafile which is part of the level 2 archive (ICOSETC_SE-Xyz_ARCHIVE*_L2.zip).  (*) measurement height after clear-cut still under dicussion
Ecosystem stationsHyltemossa (SE-Htm)Norunda (SE-Nor)Svartberget (SE-Svb)Mycklemossen (SE-Myc)Degerö (SE-Deg)Abisko-Stordalen palsa bog (SE-Sto)
ecosystem typeforestforestforestmiremirepalsa mire
periodic measurements
soilsoil carbon stocks1 / 10 years1 / 10 years1 / 10 years1 / 10 years1 / 10 years1 / 10 years
treesLAI (hemispherical pictures)6/year; from 2024: 2/year-6/year; from 2024: 2/year---
above ground biomass (AGB)1 / 3 years1* / 3 years1 / 3 years---
nutrient analysis and leaf mass area (foliar sampling)2 samples x 15 trees/year-2 samples x 15 trees/year---
herbaceous plants and dwarf shrubsGAI---1-2/month1-2/month1-2/month
non-woody AGB1/year1*/year1/year1-2/month1-2/month1-2/month
woody AGB1/year1*/year1/year2/year1-2/month2/year
nutrient analysis and leaf mass area (foliar sampling)---1/year1/year1/year
litterlitter biomass1-2/month-1/month---
woody debris1/year-1/year---
mossesGA (percentage cover)---2/year2/year2/year
NPP (yearly net change in biomass)---1/year1/year1/year
AGB1/year-1/year---