The Norunda research station (60°05'N, 17°29'E, 46 m asl) is located about 30 km north of Uppsala, in the southern part of the boreal forest zone. The area is flat with small-scale variations in altitude (up to 10 m).

The site was established in 1994 and is since then continuously used for studies of exchanges of greenhouse gases (CO₂ and CH₄), energy, and water using micrometeorological methods (eddy covariance and gradient). Norunda hosts a combined ICOS Class 1 Atmosphere (NOR) and Class 2 Ecosystem (SE-Nor) station. Norunda Research Station also hosts the ACTRIS Sweden station Norunda operated by Stockholm University (Radovan Krejci) and spectral measurements within the SITES-affiliated research network NordSpec operated by Lund University (Lars Eklundh).

Norunda research station

• Ecosystem station PI: Natascha Kljun, Co-PI: Meelis Mölder
• Atmosphere station PI: Irene Lehner
• Research engineers: Irene Lehner, Gunnar Bergström

Contact: norunda@icos-sweden.se

Greenhouse gas related data, meteorological data and vegetation data from Norunda can be downloaded from the ICOS Carbon Portal: ICOS Level2 data from the Atmosphere Station (GHG concentrations, air temperature, wind), ICOS Level2 data from the Ecosystem Station (flux data, meteorological data, soil meteorological variables, ancillary data), and ICOS Level 1 Near Realtime Data.

Aerosol data measured at Norunda can be obtained from the ACTRIS data portal.

The bedrock is characterised by granite and gneiss (incl. leptite) from the Svecokarelian orogen (2000-1800 million years ago). The soils are sandy-loamy tills with a high content of stones and blocks, characterized as podzolised dystric regosols, with a thin organic layer on top. The area is rich in organic soils with surface peat cover and fens.

Because of the presence of stones and blocks the soil surface is highly uneven.

During late summer/autumn 2022 an area 300 m around the main tower (30.5ha) was turned into a complete clear-cut. All (>14000) of the 100-130 years old stand of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) and a small fraction (7%) of deciduous trees as well as the understory was logged. Only the stems were removed (in total ~11000m3fpb, ~320m3fpb/ha); branches and tree tops as well smaller trees were left on-site. The shrub layer was up to now dominated by blueberry, cranberry, moss, and flowers. After a soil scarification in autumn 2023 the area will be replanted in spring 2024 with mainly pine (~90%) and spruce.

The forest has been managed at least for the last 200 years. It is owned and managed by the common of the Norunda jurisdictional district (Norunda Härad). About 100 years ago, a large area around the site was drained by ditching, which lowered the average water table and increased productivity.

Detailed information about pre-clear cut vegetation

Data for the 1991-2020 climatological normal from the SMHI station Uppsala characterizes the climate as a Dfb-type (after Köppen), i.e. humid continental with moderate summers and cold winters. Mean annual air temperature is 7.0°C and mean annual precipitation sums up to 565mm. Compared to the 1961-1990 climatological normal the temperature increased by 1.3°C with the biggest changes in winter while precipitation increased with +4% with biggest changes in summer. Southwest is the prevailing wind direction in Norunda.

Measurements

Measured Atmosphere station variables

Variables and measurement heights included in the Atmosphere station program at Norunda are listed on the Atmosphere station introduction page: follow this link to the page

Measured Ecosystem station variables and summary of station parameters

Variables and measurement heights included in the Ecosystem station program at Norunda are listed on the Ecosystem station introduction page: follow this link to the page

Non-ICOS measurements

The Norunda research site also hosts a station for the national infrastructure ACTRIS Sweden. and spectral measurements from the SITES-associated network NordSpec. It also hosts other complementary measurements from various research projects.
Additional research at the site focuses on exchanges of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide CO₂, methane CH₄, water vapour H₂O, and laugh gas N₂O) and its driving forces in all components of a forest ecosystem. BVOC measurements with focus on various topics and using different methhods have been ongoing since 2014.

For more detailed information please contact the station team.

Besides several small cabins for equipment Norunda has a main house and a workshop building. The main house is equipped with three bedrooms (total 5 beds), a shower/toilet bath room, and a fully equipped kitchen that is also used as office/meeting room. There is also a simple lab with a separate entrance.

• Lindroth, A., Holst, J., Heliasz, M. et al., 2018: Effects of low thinning on carbon dioxide fluxes in a mixed hemiboreal forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 262:59-70, DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2018.06.021
• Lindroth, A., Holst, J., Linderson, M.L. et al., 2020: Effects of drought and meteorological forcing on carbon and water fluxes in Nordic forests during the dry summer of 2018. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 375(1810), DOI:10.1098/rstb.2019.0516
• Islam, Md.R., A.M. Jönsson, J. Bergkvist, F. Lagergren, M. Lindeskog, M. Mölder, M. Scholze, N. Kljun, 2024: Projected effects of climate change and forest management on carbon fluxes and biomass of a boreal forest. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 349}, 109959, DOI:10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.109959

• ICOS ETC labelling report: 

  File

  SE-Nor ICOS Ecosystem Station Labelling Report.pdf